Project 2: Rapid Case Ascertainment as a Tool for Epidemiologic Investigation and Efficient Linkage to Care in HIV-infected Patients Diagnosed with Kaposi Sarcoma in East Africa

Among malignant complications of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa, one of the most common cancers in
the pre-ART era — Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) — continues to be amongst the most common in the ART era.
With continued incidence of KS in Africa comes both new questions and others that are still not yet
resolved. In the last 4 years in Uganda and Kenya during the course of U54 CA190153, we have
documented two disturbing (and related) findings: advanced stage of disease at time of KS diagnosis and
poor survival. With recent “Treat All” (for ART) and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN, for
chemotherapy) guidelines now in place, will these outcomes change? A long-standing question is why does
KS occur in HIV infection? Low CD4+ T cell count and high plasma HIV RNA are known determinants in
untreated HIV infection, but these are neither necessary nor sufficient for KS. In the realm of diagnosis,
delays in diagnosis have many manifestations. Thus, can KS diagnosis be more rapid? Finally, can simple
interventions that help patients diagnosed with KS navigate to cancer care improve survival?
Addressing each of the above questions has one common requirement  swift access to patients
recently diagnosed with KS. During the course of U54 CA190153, we implemented, to our knowledge, the
first use of rapid case ascertainment (RCA) for cancer in Africa when we studied KS. RCA rapidly identifies
persons recently diagnosed with a condition and performs detailed measurements prior to change in
disease, death or loss to follow-up. Our overall objective in the current proposal is to use RCA to answer
relevant clinical, epidemiologic and translational questions about KS in the ART era. Our Aims are to:
Aim 1: Monitor critical epidemiologic parameters of KS in the ART era among HIV-infected adults
in East Africa, specifically stage of disease at time of KS diagnosis and survival.
Aim 2: Evaluate biologic determinants of incident KS in both ART-untreated HIV-infected patients
as well as those with ART-mediated virologic suppression.
Aim 3: Assess the predictive accuracy of digital photography of skin lesions, coupled with deep
learning algorithms, to distinguish KS from non-KS mimickers.
Aim 4: Determine the impact of “patient navigation”, intended to enhance linkage to oncologic
care in persons diagnosed with KS, on improving survival after KS diagnosis.
To address these aims, we will leverage skin biopsy services in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania and the field
experience we have gained in U54 CA190153 to perform RCA on all patients with newly diagnosed KS as
well as a well-conceived and novel “test negative” control group. Findings will inform efforts aimed at
controlling KS; improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of KS in the ART era; and evaluate novel
strategies for KS diagnosis and linkage of patients newly diagnosed with KS to cancer care.

Grant Number: 5U54CA254571-06
NIH Institute/Center: NIH
Principal Investigator: Helen Byakwaga