Overcoming the Multiple Scattering Limit in Optical Coherence Tomography

Extending imaging depth is one of the grand challenges in optical microscopy, and many creative approaches
are under development to mitigate the detrimental impact of the phenomenon of ‘optical scattering’ and enable
deeper optical imaging in scattering media. Light propagating in dense tissue undergoes scattering events that
scramble the phase of the propagating optical wavefront, and thus disrupts the constructive interference needed
to focus/spatially localize the light to a diffraction-limited focal spot. Consequently, microscopic resolution is
typically only available in the so-called ‘single-scattering’ (SS) or ‘ballistic’ light regime. OCT is one of the leading
modalities in the field of deep microscopy, with maximum imaging depths typically 1–2 mm in scattering tissues.
However, the incredible success of OCT has in some ways led to lower motivation than in other optical imaging
fields to develop new approaches to address the problem of multiple scattering (MS). This is also a great
opportunity – by building upon its already deep imaging capabilities, OCT has the opportunity to once again be
at the forefront of research on pushing the imaging depth limits of optical microscopy. We propose an integrated
approach that combines (1) long-wavelength OCT (1700 nm window, lower scattering coefficient supporting
deeper imaging), (2) spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) in the conjugate imaging configuration to enhance the
deep OCT signal by 2-3 orders of magnitude relative to the standard imaging configuration, (3) hardware
adaptive optics (HAO) to correct tissue-induced aberrations and thereby boost the ballistic signal deep within
tissue, and (4) aberration-diverse OCT (AD-OCT) for suppressing MS. Our recently-developed AD-OCT
approach combines the advantages of a fiber-based OCT system with the principle behind the highly promising
coherent accumulation of single scattering (CASS) method. The CASS method coherently accumulates SS from
multiple illumination angles (plane wave illumination in full-field imaging geometry), whereas AD-OCT coherently
accumulates SS arising from illuminating the sample with different known aberration states, and leveraging
computational adaptive optics (CAO) to circumvent the resolution penalty normally associated with these
aberrations. Aim 1 will develop a method to overcome the aberration-diversity saturation limit, implement high-
speed GPU-based processing to address the Big Data problem in AD-OCT, and enable real-time feedback at
the time of imaging. Aim 2 will quantitatively compare the performance of Gaussian-beam OCT (with and without
HAO correction of tissue aberrations) vs. AD-OCT (with HAO correction of tissue aberrations). This will include
measurements of the depth-dependent 3D point-spread-function, which will also fill an important knowledge gap
in fundamental research on MS in OCT. Aim 3 will demonstrate AD-OCT beyond the current OCT multiple
scattering limit in human skin and mouse brain in vivo (we will ‘unlock’ the 2-5 mm depth range). If successful,
this proposal will demonstrate the deepest OCT imaging ever performed in human skin and mouse brain, and
so is significant from the perspective of fundamental imaging science and the biomedical applications of OCT.

Grant Number: 5R01EB031226-04
NIH Institute/Center: NIH
Principal Investigator: Steven Adie