Mapping neural targets and advancing neuromodulation techniques for disorders of consciousness

Project Summary/ Abstract
The researcher's central career goal is to become an independent researcher investigating disorders of
consciousness (DoC), with a specific emphasis on using non-invasive neurostimulation to restore accurate
conscious perception. Despite ongoing research efforts, gaps persist in the understanding of consciousness,
and recent findings suggest promising avenues for neurostimulation therapies. Aim 1 of the dissertation
research project involves utilizing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to map brain networks
associated with auditory perception without explicit reporting. The thesis work establishes a paradigm and
machine learning model that eliminates the need for explicit reporting, mitigating confounding signals related
to reporting. Preliminary data indicate success in inducing threshold-level perception, identifying eye metrics
specific to auditory conscious perception, and a successful machine learning model to predict auditory
perception based on eye tracking. Aim 1.2 will identify the neuronal activity associated with this more purified
measure of perception. Auditory conscious perception is hypothesized to involve three major brain networks
independent of task report: 1. Detection/arousal/salience networks, 2. Task-positive attention networks, and 3.
Default mode network. This work will improve our capacity to identify auditory perception in those who may
not be able to report their experiences and holds promise to help identify targets for neuromodulation to
improve disorders of consciousness.
Aim 2, the postdoctoral research direction, advances neuromodulation strategies for DoC. Current approaches
like transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) have limitations, and the
researcher proposes exploring transcranial, low-intensity, low-frequency focused ultrasound (tFUS) as a
potential solution. tFUS offers spatially precise neuromodulation of deep brain structures without surgery,
demonstrating safety and neuroactivity in animal models and healthy human volunteers. The plan is to
contribute to the broader field of neuromodulation research by advancing understanding of tFUS's modulatory
effects on neural networks associated with consciousness. Essential skills to be acquired include a
comprehensive understanding and practical skills related to tFUS technology and gaining clinical insight into
DoC and working with clinical populations. The training in both aims will significantly enhance the researcher's
proficiency in neuroimaging, machine learning, and neuromodulation approaches, laying a solid foundation for
future academic pursuits.

Grant Number: 5F99NS139540-02
NIH Institute/Center: NIH
Principal Investigator: Shanae Aerts