Longitudinal Examination of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Internalizing Psychopathology in Adolescence

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT
Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is a set of behavioral symptoms characterized by excessive daydreaming,
slowed thinking, and mental confusion and fogginess. It is now established that SCT can be reliably measured
across parent, teacher, and self-report ratings and is distinct from other psychopathology dimensions including
ADHD and internalizing symptoms. A rapidly growing body of research also demonstrates SCT to be strongly
associated with functional impairment, above and beyond other psychopathologies. However, SCT remains
absent from current models of psychopathology, in large part because the field lacks rigorous longitudinal
research examining SCT in relation to other psychopathologies. In cross-sectional studies, SCT symptoms are
consistently and strongly associated with internalizing symptoms. Preliminary findings also document
associations between SCT and increased suicide risk. Importantly, our pilot data show SCT predicts increased
internalizing symptoms rather than the reverse. Further, SCT symptoms uniquely predict internalizing problems
and not externalizing behaviors, suggesting that SCT may be a unique factor in understanding the
development of internalizing problems specifically. Yet studies linking SCT to internalizing symptoms in youth
are limited in several ways, including: (a) use of cross-sectional designs that preclude establishment of
temporal associations, (b) using convenience samples (e.g., ADHD) rather than a sample enriched for SCT
specifically, (c) failing to examine possible mechanisms or vulnerabilities linking SCT to internalizing
symptoms, and (d) focusing on school-aged children even though SCT symptoms and internalizing problems
sharply increase in adolescence. This study will address these limitations by using a prospective longitudinal,
multi-informant, multi-method design across the developmentally sensitive period of early adolescence to
examine SCT symptoms as a predictor of diverse internalizing outcomes and to test mechanisms and
vulnerabilities linking SCT to internalizing symptoms in a community sample enriched for SCT
symptomatology. Specifically, a community-based sample of 330 young adolescents (ages 10-12 years)
enriched for SCT symptomatology will be recruited and assessed at three timepoints one year apart.
Consistent with the NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative and a developmental psychopathology
framework, a multi-informant, multi-method battery that cuts across physiological, behavioral, and self-report
units of analysis will be used. We will examine dimensional SCT symptoms as a predictor of internalizing
psychopathology change over time, test mechanisms of the longitudinal relation between SCT and internalizing
psychopathologies, and explore vulnerabilities (physiological reactivity, punishment sensitivity) that exacerbate
these longitudinal relations. Findings establishing longitudinal effects and identifying mechanisms and
vulnerabilities that cut across units of analysis will advance the development of theoretical models of SCT.
Findings from this study will also provide avenues for targeted clinical assessment and treatment.

Grant Number: 5R01MH122415-05
NIH Institute/Center: NIH
Principal Investigator: Stephen Becker