Functional brain mapping in pediatric neurosurgery

We will determine the utility of a novel brain mapping technique for epilepsy presurgical evaluation, referred to
as 'six-dimensional (6D) dynamic tractography'. This innovative program animates the rapid neural propagations
along MRI-defined, 3D white matter tracts that connect regions supporting cognitive functions. Specifically, it will
use event-related high gamma activity to localize the regions supporting specific linguistic functions and compute
the velocity and strength of neural propagations based on the latency and amplitude of early neural responses
to single-pulse electrical stimulation. We expect that considering both the negative effect of damaged white
matter tracts and the positive effect of seizure control will help optimize the model's performance in predicting
postoperative language outcomes; this will be accomplished by incorporating the 6D dynamic tractography and
objective epilepsy biomarkers, including spontaneous high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) coupled to slow-waves,
into our predictive model. By also identifying and considering the physiological high gamma augmentation strictly
time-locked to stimuli and behaviors, our innovative intracranial EEG analysis will better distinguish the randomly-
occurring pathologic HFOs. Another significant advancement provided by our model is its independence of
conventional electrical stimulation mapping, which can acutely elicit seizures and fail to satisfactorily localize
language areas in certain patient subsets. Additionally, this project will use 6D dynamic tractography to provide
an explicit neurobiological model of language network dynamics, allowing us to tease apart the specific pathways
originating from temporal lobe cortices that support the lexical retrieval of auditory or visual domains. Our prior
project indicated that the arcuate fasciculus fibers support the direct transfer of lexical representations of auditory
sentences. We will now determine whether the lexical representations of visual objects are likewise transferred
via the arcuate fasciculus or others, including the fusiform-parietal fasciculus. To accomplish these goals, this
project will prospectively recruit a new cohort of 80 epilepsy patients - age range: 0.5 to 21 years - undergoing
extraoperative intracranial EEG recording and subsequent resective surgery. Finally, we will determine if the
human brain creates and strengthens language-related functional parcellations throughout development. It has
been suggested that the adult brain efficiently activates the posterior superior-temporal gyrus (STG) only during
sound onset to decode the boundary between sounds. In contrast, the anterior STG shows sustained activation
during an auditory stimulus to encode the phonetic features. We will determine if such a functional parcellation
is more evident in older individuals, whose brains are more developed. While providing hypotheses focusing on
specific brain regions, we will perform all of the proposed analyses at the whole-brain level. We will make all data
and codes publicly available to facilitate external validation and implementation.

Grant Number: 5R01NS064033-15
NIH Institute/Center: NIH
Principal Investigator: EISHI ASANO