Effect of WASH interventions on population resilience to climate-driven enteric pathogen transmission along a gradient of socio-economic position

Background: Most of rural Bangladesh is situated in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river basin which is
home to over 618 million people and represents one of the most climate-sensitive populations in the world.
Living in the basin exposes the population to extreme climates such as heavy precipitation during annual
monsoons. The country also has one of the highest diarrhea prevalence rates among children under 5. The
enteric pathogens that cause diarrhea are impacted differently by seasonal and long-term changes in
precipitation or temperature depending on their biology and modes of transmission. Water, sanitation and
handwashing (WASH) interventions have been crucial in preventing and reducing enteric pathogens
transmission. However, whether WASH interventions mitigate climate-driven transmission for several enteric
pathogens and whether these effects are equitable along a gradient of socio-economic position is still
unknown. Aims: The principal aim of this study is to measure the effect of an integrated WASH intervention to
prevent climatically driven, seasonal increases in enteric pathogen seroconversion among rural Bangladeshi
children and examine whether effects vary along a wealth gradient. We hypothesize that the protective benefit
of the WASH intervention on enteric pathogen seroconversion will be larger among children who were exposed
to more months of monsoon season, defined as the period of seasonally elevated precipitation. We also
hypothesize that the WASH intervention will reduce enteric pathogen seroconversion more among children
born into poorer households than among children born into more affluent households. We further hypothesize
that the protective benefits of improved WASH to reduce enteric pathogen seroconversion during the monsoon
season will be largest in poorer households and that we can use geospatial methods to transport effects from
the trial to larger areas, and thus identify populations in rural Bangladesh that would benefit the most from
similar WASH interventions. Methods: To test our hypotheses, we will use the serology of 10 enteric
pathogens collected from the entire birth cohort of the cluster-randomized trial in our ongoing grant
(R01AI166671) after 2 years of intervention when the children were around 24 months old (n=3,831), and from
an intensive substudy that collected samples at ages 6, 12, and 24 months from ~1,500 children. We will
measure the effect of an integrated WASH intervention on enteric pathogen seroconversion by the number of
months exposed to monsoon season and along a gradient of socio-economic position using generalized
additive models. We will transport pathogen-specific effects estimated within the trial to broader populations
throughout rural Bangladesh which will enable us to identify vulnerable regions that would benefit most from
the integrated WASH interventions. This study will represent a generalizable example of extending large-scale
randomized controlled trials in climate-sensitive populations with new geospatial data to answer key questions
related to climate change and health.

Grant Number: 1R03AI188012-01
NIH Institute/Center: NIH
Principal Investigator: Benjamin Arnold