Contrasting the Transient and Equilibrium Responses of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones to Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Patterns

Tropical cyclones are significant natural hazards that cause economic losses and loss of life through extreme winds and flooding, as evidenced most recently by the impacts of Hurricane Helene in 2024. While it is well-known that El Niño, a transient warming of the Pacific Ocean relative to other areas on Earth, typically suppresses Atlantic…